The UV filter absorbs invisible ultraviolet light from the atmosphere, which can cause a loss of sharpness and to which many colour films react with a bluish cast. Technically speaking, it should be called a UV-blocking filter, as there are also UV filters used in technical applications that do the opposite — transmitting UV radiation whilst blocking all other light. Among photographers, however, the term "UV filter" is always used to refer to UV-absorbing filters.
UV filters are ideal for photography at high altitudes, at the seaside, and in areas with very clean air. Images gain brilliance and any unwanted bluish cast is eliminated. Apart from removing the bluish cast, nothing else changes in your photos. Colour rendering remains the same and no increase in Exposure time is required.
The UV filter is therefore also very well suited for permanent mounting on the lens. Simply screw it in front of the front element to protect it against sand, seawater, dust, and similar hazards. In most cases, you'd far rather replace a filter than a lens — which is often considerably more expensive.